Its influence can be seen in Colt’s various iterative carbines and eventually the M4. BeyondĪs previously stated, the XM-177 was the precursor to many modern military carbines. The increased length of the E2 combined with the grenade ring allowed the user to mount an under-barrel grenade launcher. However, the E2 retained the moderator but included a grenade ring mounted behind it. It also increased the dwell time and therefore the reliability. This had a minor reductive effect on the flash and sound of the carbine when fired. The barrel length was increased to 29.2 cm (11.5 in). The E2 retained the bulk of the features from the E1, with only one major change. The next iteration of the XM-177 was the E2. This provided both a lighter rifle while also reducing production costs. Subsequent iterations copied the basic design but swapped the aluminium with plastic. The sliding stock itself was originally made of aluminium with a protective coating. Allowing the user to adjust the stock for their comfort based on their size and body armor.
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The subsequent carbine designs would improve upon this by increasing the positions from two to four and then to six. The XM-177’s stock had two positions: all the way extended and all the way collapsed. The XM-177 featured the basic collapsing stock design that has carried onto the M4 and all its derivatives. However, they were fragile and as a result Colt went back to the drawing board. Earlier Colt prototypes tried to convert the fixed stock into a collapsible one. The other major change between the XM-177 and the M16 was the stock. As a result, there is more gas pressure inside the system, allowing it to run more reliably. However, they also significantly increase the back pressure even after the bullet exits the muzzle. The baffles inside the moderate slow the gas down, which does reduce the decibel levels when firing. On a 25.4 cm (10 in) barrel the gas port and the muzzle are very close to each other, reducing the amount of time for the gas behind the bullet to travel through the gas port and cycle the action before the bullet exits and the pressure drops. This is primarily due to the lack of dwell time, the distance between the gas port inside the barrel and the muzzle. At this time Colt had been struggling to get their short barrel carbines to cycle reliably. However, the most likely reason for the moderator was to improve reliability. Due to having internal baffles like a suppressor, some claimed that it reduced the decibels enough to make it sound like an AK-47 when firing. The exact purpose of the moderator is widely debated.
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The moderator added an additional 10.6 cm (4.2 in) to the barrel, reducing much of the compactness of the XM-177. However, the XM-177 had an additional muzzle device known as a moderator. This is half the length of the M16 from which the XM-177 is derived. The XM-177 E-1 featured a 25.4 cm (10 in) barrel. This created a complex command structure that was difficult to maintain due to the highly varied demands of each region.Īirmen using an Air Force variant of the XM-177 E1 during Desert Shield.
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In the early years of MACV-SOG, the unit operated in smaller units under a singular command. Specifically, from the Special Assistant for Counterinsurgency and Special Activities (SACSA) and his staff at the Pentagon. However, MACV-SOG had direct instruction from the Pentagon on specific missions. MACV-SOG had headquarters in Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City), with its subordinate units having multiple operational bases throughout Vietnam and surrounding territories. The first commander of MACV-SOG was Colonel Clyde Russell.
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The Military Assistance Command was a subsidiary of the US Indo-Pacific Command. MACV-SOG fell under the control of the US Military Assistance Command Vietnam, the US military command offering military assistance to South Vietnam.